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The effect of solvent polarity on extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phytochemical compounds in bean seeds was studied. Seed flour of three varieties of bean was extracted in a series of organic solvents with increasing polarity (n-hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone and water). Preliminary screening of phytochemicals showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthocyanins, terpenoids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and reducing compounds in all extracts. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of results showed that extraction yield, phytochemical content and antioxidant properties were significantly influenced (p<0.05) by the polarity of extracting solvents. The regression analysis of data showed polarity-dependent second order polynomial variations in the extraction yield, phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, reducing properties and free radical scavenging activity of each variety. Extraction in highly polar solvents resulted in high extract yield but low phenolic and flavonoid content as compared to non-polar ones. The polarity-dependent increase in total antioxidant activity and reducing properties indicates the extraction of strong antioxidant compounds in polar solvents. The study suggests the use of a combination of polar and nonpolar solvents to increase the extraction efficiency of phytochemicals with good antioxidant quality from the bean and other legume seeds.
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The study was based on the comparative evaluation of physical and physicochemical properties and antioxidant potential of different cooking oils as awareness for the consumers. The cooking oils extracted from sunflower, corn, canola, soybean, and rapeseed and available for consumers as different commercial brands were purchased from the local market and analysed for their physical, physicochemical and antioxidant properties. All of the selected oils were found to be statistically similar on the basis of their physical properties including odour, specific gravity (P=.65) and refractive index (P=0.84). All of the selected oils contained vitamin A except one brand of each of the sunflower, corn and canola oils. The selected oils and their blend showed statistically different physicochemical properties and antioxidant potential (P=.000). The corn oil and rapeseed oil were found to be the best quality oil due to comparatively lower acid, peroxide and saponification values and higher antioxidant potential in terms of free radical scavenging capacity. The study results would provide valuable information to the consumers and the researchers regarding the selection of the best quality cooking oils available in the market.
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Preweaning piglet mortality, mainly due to crushing is an important concern in pig production systems adversely affecting the profit from the farm and welfare of the animals. The present study compared three different systems of farrowing houses viz. conventional farrowing house with guard rail and one-third slated floor (T1), farrowing house with guard rail and floor level ventilation (T2), and farrowing houses with farrowing crates (T3) to identify the best system to minimize the farrowing house stress and mortality. There were no changes in average daily feed intake, serum cortisol levels and maternal behaviour of the sows in different groups. The litter size and litter weight at birth were more or less similar in all treatment groups, whereas litter size and litter weight at weaning was higher (P < 0.05) in T3 compared to other groups. There was significant reduction in piglet mortality in houses with farrowing crates (T3) compared to other two groups (P < 0.05). Cost of production per kilogram live weight of piglets on housing cost basis was also observed to be lower in system with farrowing crates. The payback period required to meet the housing cost for T3, T2 and T1were calculated as 1.63, 2.94 and 3.11 years, respectively. The results of present study identified that farrowing houses with farrowing crates significantly reduced piglet mortality, thereby increasing the profitability of swine husbandry without any adverse effect on the performance of sows
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PURPOSE: Mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) is considered an alternative screening method for obesity. The aims of this investigation were to examine the ability of MUAC to correctly identify children with elevated body mass index (BMI) and to determine the best MUAC cutoff point for identification of children with high BMI. METHODS: Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and MUAC) from a cross-sectional sample of 7,921 Pakistani children aged 5–14 years were analyzed. Pearson correlation coefficients between MUAC and other anthropometric measurements were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal MUAC cutoff point for identifying children with high BMI. RESULTS: Among 7,921 children, the mean (±standard deviation) age, BMI, and MUAC were 10.00 (±2.86 years), 16.16 (±2.66 kg/m2), and 17.73 (±2.59 cm), respectively. The MUAC had a strong positive correlation with BMI. The optimal MUAC cutoff points indicating elevated BMI in boys ranged from 16.76 to 22.73, while the corresponding values in girls ranged from 16.38 to 20.57. CONCLUSION: MUAC may be used as a simple indicator of overweight/obesity in children, with reasonable accuracy in clinical settings.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Body Mass Index , Body Weight , Mass Screening , Methods , Obesity , Pakistan , Public Health , ROC CurveABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis Meningitis [TBM] can lead to hydrocephalus and complicate the management
Objective: To determine the frequency of hydrocephalus in cases of tuberculosis meningitis
Methodology: This was a cross sectional study conducted from1st January to 30thSeptember 2017 in Department of Neurology, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. The detailed demographic data was collected. The cases of TBM were selected on clinical and laboratory diagnosis and then they underwent CT scan of brain [plain] and diagnosis of TBM was made in BMRC scale. Data was entered in SPSS version 23 and analyzed
Results: In present study, there were total 100 cases of TBM, out of which 60 [60%] were males and 40 [40%] females with mean age of 47.23+/-10.39 years. There were 6 [6%] cases in stage I, 65 [65%] in II and 29 [29%] in stage III of TBM. Hydrocephalus was observed in 48 [48%] of the cases. There was no significant difference in terms of gender and age groups with p values of 0.67 and 0.58 respectively. The results were significantly higher in those that had stage III of TBM where it was seen in 19 [65.52%] out of 29 cases as compared to 27 [41.54%] cases in stage II and 2 [33.33%] in stage I of their respective groups with p value of 0.02
Conclusion: Hydrocephalus is seen nearly in half of the cases with TBM and it is significantly high in cases that had stage III of TBM
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Background: Osteoporosis among peptic ulcer disease is one of the complications usually reported
Objective: To determine the frequency of osteoporosis in patients with peptic ulcer disease
Methodology: It was a descriptive, cross sectional study that was conducted at Medical Department Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from 1st January to 30thAugust 2017. In this study the cases of age 18 years or more diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease on history and then confirmed on upper GI endoscopy, were included. These cases were then assessed on DEXA scan and osteoporosis was labelled as yes where there was score of less than 2.5. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 19
Results: In this study there were total 60 cases out of which 28 were males and 32 females. The mean age was 43.23+/-8.13 years. The mean duration of PUD was 3.2+/-0.31 years and mean T score was 1.2+/-0.8. Osteoporosis was seen in 4 [6.67%] of cases. Osteoporosis was more seen in females affecting 03 [9.38%] cases of their respective groups [p= 0.02]. There was no significant difference in terms of duration of PUD with osteoporosis [p= 0.86]
Conclusion: Osteoporosis is recently studied complication of peptic ulcer disease and is not very common, but still present among many cases of peptic ulcer disease as shown by this study
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The prevalence pattern of hypertension [HTN] in developing countries is different from that in the developed countries. In Pakistan, the percentage of hypertensive patients has been growing since last two decades. Various factors might have contributed to this rising trend like, age, body mass index [BMI], lack of physical activity, family history of HTN and smoking etc. In this study, we examine prevalence of HTN in Rawalpindi district of Pakistan using the Eighth Joint National Committee [JNC 8] criteria, with the aim to measure central percentiles of blood pressure [BP] depending on different stated factors. For this purpose, quantile regression is used. A cross-sectional study including 2000 volunteer adults was designed. The data were obtained about systolic BP [SBP], diastolic BP [DBP], gender, age, weight height, family history of HTN, physical activity, presence of any kidney disease and diabetic status etc. Quantile regression was used to estimate the central percentiles of SBP and DBP. The present study concludes that the central percentiles of BP reflect alarming situation as half of the adults fall into either pre-hypertensive or hypertensive category and thus, some special awareness program about HTN should frequently be organized
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Control of harmful bacteria in food, aquaculture, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, hospitals and recreation water pools are of great global concern. Marine bacteria are an enormous source of bio-controlling agents. The aim of this study was to identify and optimize the growth conditions including effect of different biotic and abiotic factors on antimicrobial activity of strain DK1-SA11 isolated from Qingdao Bay of China Yellow Sea. Microscopic characterization, API[registered sign] 20E and 50 CHB kit base carbohydrates utilization, 16S rDNA and DNA gyrB gene sequencing studies identified the bacterium as Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii DK1-SA11. Antimicrobial spectrum of cell free supernatant [CFS] has shown antimicrobial activities against all test strains including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Candida albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, E. coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhimurium and Vibrio cholerae. Among all the media tested, Marine Broth 2216 was found to be the best medium for bacterial growth and production of antibacterial compounds. The other optimum conditions for growth were pH:7 and incubation temperature: 25[degree sign] C with >/= 180 rpm for 60-72 h. Out of 49 different carbohydrates tested, D-mannose increases the antibacterial activity by 33.3% while Darabitol decreases it by 44.4%. Crude CFS showed activity even after three months of storage below -20[degree sign] C and boiling for 10 min, whereas it loses 100% of its antimicrobial activity after enzymatic treatments of lipase, trypsin and papain. The production of antimicrobial compounds and broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens suggested that the strain DK1-SA11 can be used as a source for probiotics, synbiotics and antibiotics
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The objective of study was to find out major correlates of neonatal mortality. The main focus was in determining the impact of different demographic and health related characteristics of neonates and their mothers. A planned questionnaire was prepared in order to collect the information from mothers of newborns. The data were collected from different public and private hospitals of Faisalabad district. Discharge condition of neonate [dead or alive] was taken as response. Binary logistic regression was applied in order to unveil the impact of different contributory factors on the chances of neonatal mortality. Marriage age of mother, age of mother at baby birth, number of pregnancies, time since last birth, antenatal care, delivery mode, gender of baby, baby weight, baby disease and its nature, domestic violence, baby nutrition and residence were found to be significant factors affecting neonatal mortality. Odds ratio was used as a measure of association. From the results, it can be summed up that marriages at optimal ages, lesser frequency of pregnancies, early initiation of mother feeding, increased care during pregnancy to avoid low birth weight and birth time diseases, and increased facilities of antenatal care in rural areas can effectively reduce the neonatal mortality rates
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Objectives To determine the economic burden of thalassemia on parents of thalassemic children
Study design, settings and duration: Descriptive nonprobability, purposive sampling done in PHRC Research Centres of Multan, Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, Peshawar and Quetta from July 2013 to June 2014
Patients and Methods: After taking informed written consent, parents/guardians of thalassemia major children were interviewed. All information was recorded on the pre-tested questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 11
Results: A total of 600 guardians/ parents of the thalassemic children were included in the study. There were 57% boys and 43% girls with a mean age of 9.40 +/- 5.66 years. Among them, 47.8% were from rural and 52.2 % from urban areas. Almost 71% children were transfusion dependent. The family history of cousin/interfamilial marriage was present in 78.2% while parental consanguinity was present in 72.8%. Only 1.7% parents got premarital screening for thalassemia. In private sector 56.8% had to pay nothing while others had to pay from Rs. 500 to Rs. 2000 per visit. Expenditure per month in private thalassemia centres showed that 57% had to bear no cost at all, 12.2% had to spend up to Rs. 1000, while 24.8% Rs. 1001 to 5000 and 6% had to pay more than Rs. 5000. In the government sector cost per visit in 35.5% was up to Rs. 500 while others had to pay between Rs. 501 to more than Rs. 2000. Monthly cost at government sector almost doubled. Total expenditure [private and government sector] per month was Rs. 9626 for each patient
Conclusion: Total cost [both direct and indirect] for the management of thalassemia was quite high and this cost puts significant economic burden on the affected thalassemic families. This disease puts social, financial and psychological impacts on suffering families, so prevention-based strategies like premarital screening, prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling should be adopted in Pakistan. A national screening project for thalassemia is the need of the day
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Objective: to determine the frequencies of adiponectin [ADIPOQ] C-11377G, tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNP] and their association with serum levels in Pakistani T2DM and healthy population
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Army Medical College and Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering, Islamabad, Pakistan, from June 2012 till 2014
Methodology: cases [n=539] and controls [n=250] comprising of T2DM and healthy subjects, respectively, belonging to Pakistani Punjabi Rajput ethnicity were genotyped for SNPs. Serum adiponectin, TNF-alpha, insulin, blood sugar fasting [BSF], lipid profile, body mass index [BMI], and insulin resistance [IR] was determined and correlated with genotypes
Results: serum TNF-alpha was significantly higher and adiponectin was lower in T2DM than healthy controls [p < 0.003 and 0.0001, respectively, Mann-Whitney U-test]. The frequency of ADIPOQ CC, GC and GG was 340 [63.1%], 167 [31%] and 32 [5.9%] in T2DM patients. ADIPOQ -11377 SNP was not significantly associated with T2DM [OR = 1.116 [95% CI 0.81- 1.53], p = 0.27- Fisher's exact test]. Genotypes deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Minor alleles of TNF-alpha G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A were not found in either groups
Conclusion: frequency of ADIPOQ -11377 risk allele is low and does not functionally affect the serum adiponectin levels; hence, ADIPOQ C-11377G SNP is not a risk factor for T2DM in Pakistani Punjabi Rajput patients. Moreover, TNF-alpha G-308A and TNF-alpha G-238A SNPs are not prevalent in this ethnic group
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Background: Tribulus terrestris is a creeping herb that has been used in the past for treating impotence. The extract obtained from Tribulus mainly contains the active component protodioscin. Administration of the extract improves libido and spermatogenesis. Protodioscin increases the levels of luteinizing hormone [LH], testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA] and dihydrotestosterone [DHT]. The objective of present study was to determine the effect of Tribulus terrestris on serum luteinizing hormone in male Sprague Dawley rats
Methods: The study was carried on 60 adult male Sprague Dawley rats aged 90-120 days and with average body weight of 200+/-50 grams. Rats were divided into two groups with 30 rats per group. Group A received 0.5 ml distilled water once daily orally. Group B was administered orally Tribulus aqueous extract 6 mg/Kg once daily. All the doses were given to rats for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, serum luteinizing hormone was measured in both groups. The mean values of LH were compared using SPSS. Alpha value was kept at 0.05
Results: The mean LH level was 1.26+/-0.54 for control group while it was 1.75+/-0.65 for the experimental group. The difference between control group and experimental group was statistically significant [p<0.001]
Conclusion: Tribulus terrestris increases the levels of LH when administered in appropriate doses
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Objectives: Service quality is one of the important gears to appraise services and determine the gray areas that need improvement. In countries with a resource-poor health system, the first step of measuring quality is yet to be taken. This study seeks to inform policy makers in developing contextual service quality models by identifying service quality gaps in tertiary care teaching hospitals using patients' perspective. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using multistage cluster sampling, and a modified version of the SERVQUAL [SERV-service, QUAL-quality] instrument was administered to determine patient's expectations and perceptions. A total of 817 completed questionnaires were obtained from patients and/or their attendants using convenience sampling
Results: Data analysis revealed statistically significant negative quality gaps between expectations and perceptions of tangibility, reliability, empathy, assurance, responsiveness, and communication. The difference in mean expectation and perception for responsiveness across the sexes was significant [p < 0.003;p < 0.037, respectively] as well as in perception of communication [p < 0.026]. Other dimensions and overall hospital expected and perceived quality were independent of sex. Educational status showed significant difference in expectation and perception in responsiveness [p < 0.005], but the perception of each dimension was significantly different in different educational categories [assurance:p < 0.001; empathy:p < 0.001; reliability:p < 0.001; tangibility:p < 0.001; responsiveness:p < 0.001; communication:p < 0.001; and for overall service quality:p < 0.001]. Age and service departments showed no relationship with any of the perceived or expected dimension of service quality of hospitals
Conclusions: Tertiary care hospitals failed to meet patients' expectations in all major areas of service quality, posing a question of how hospitals implement and evaluate their quality assurance policy
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Quality of Health Care , Educational Status , Professional Practice Gaps , Hospitals, Teaching/standards , Perception , Emergency Service, HospitalABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Influence of high-dose gamma radiation and particle size on antioxidant properties of maize (Zea mays L.) flour was studied using response surface methodology. A central composite design based on three levels of each of particle size, in terms of mesh number (40, 60 and 80 meshes), and gamma radiation dose (25, 50 and 75 kGy) was constructed. A statistically significant dose-dependent decrease (p<0.05) in antioxidant properties of gamma irradiated flour was observed. However, an increase in the mesh number (decrease in particle size of flour) resulted in an increase in antioxidant properties. The optimum level of radiation dose to achieve maximum value of responses was found to be 50 kGy for Trolox equivalent total antioxidant activity (TETAOA), 25 kGy for iron chelating ability (ICA), 25 kGy for reducing power (RP) and 75 kGy for linoleic acid reduction capacity (LARC). However, the optimum level of mesh number to achieve desired levels of TETAOA, ICA, RP and LARC was found to be 80 meshes
Subject(s)
Zea mays/classification , Particulate Matter/pharmacology , Antioxidants/analysis , Food Irradiation/adverse effectsABSTRACT
Objective: we aimed to explore the difference of short-term prognosis in controlled, uncontrolled and non-diabetic patients suffering from ischemic stroke
Methods: this was a prospective observational study conducted at Neurology department of Services Hospital, Lahore over a period of 6 months from January 2014 to June 2014. A total of 113 patients with first-time ischemic stroke [confirmed on CT scan] were admitted in our department. In all patients fasting blood glucose [FBG] level was monitored on 1st admission day and history of Diabetes Mellitis [DM] was acquired. FBG >126mg/dl was taken as cut-off level. In all patients with positive history of DM, HbA 1 C level was evaluated. So it divided our patients into four groups: A] Uncontrolled Diabetics [HbA 1 C>/=6.5%, positive history of DM]; B] Controlled Diabetics [HbA 1 C 5.7-6.5%, positive history of DM]; C] Impaired glucose group [Deranged FBG, No history of DM]; D] Normoglycemics [FBG <126mg/dl, No history of DM]. The outcome in all patients was measures in terms of early neurological deterioration [increase in the NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS] of >/=2 points during the first 14 days after admission] and poor short-term outcome [30-day modified Ranking Scale [mRS] score 2-6] was evaluated
Results: of 113 patients, 17 patients were in group A [uncontrolled diabetics], 7 patients were in group B [controlled diabetics], 4 patients were in group C [lmpaires glucose group] and 85 patients [75.2%] were in group D [Normoglycemics]. All the groups were comparable regarding demographic details. The risk of early neurological deterioration was higher in group A [9/17 patients] [0Rs=1.839; 95% Cl, 0.707-4.782],] than group B [3/7 patients] [0Rs=1 .48; 95% Cl, 0.35-6.31],], group C [1/4 patients] [ORs=0.868; 95% Cl, 0.091-8.238], and group D [19/85 patients]. Similarly the risk of poor short-term outcome was also significantly higher in the group A [13/17 patients][ 0Rs=2.75; 95% Cl, 0.83-8.238; p=0.047] than group B [5/7 patients] [0Rs=2.12; 95% Cl, 0.389-11.54; p=0.207], group C [2/4 patients] [ORs=0.847; 95% Cl, 0.114- 6.301; p=0.440], and group D [46/85 patients]
Conclusion: In our study population, patients having hyperglycemia with history of DM were associated with poor short-term prognosis than those with normal glycemic readings after ischemic stroke
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Objective: our hypothesis was that an EEG recording of 20 minutes' duration would yield more information than a 10-minute EEG in capturing epileptiform abnormalities
Methods: the study was conducted in electrophysiology section of neurology department of services hospitals, Lahore during 2012. Total 171 consecutive EEG patients were evaluated
Results: we prospectively studied 171 consecutive EEGs [patients of 16-29 years old] of 20 minutes' duration performed at Services Hospital. Although the majority [89%] of interracial EEG abnormalities can be identified within the first 20 minutes of a routine EEG, extending the time of a routine EEG may increase the yield. The single electrical abnormality was found to appear between 11 to 14 minutes
Conclusion: it should be emphasized that every EEG should be done for at least 20 minutes duration as recommended, especially when the first 10 minutes are normal
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Objective: to investigate the relationship between the anthropometric parameters and the severity of hirsutism
Methods: a sample of sixty female subjects aged 18-35 years. Having hirsutism was selected, while ten normal healthy females were randomly included as controls. Height, weight and waist circumference of subjects were measured. Body mass index [kg/m2] was calculated. All subjects underwent an assessment of excess terminal hair growth using the modification of the method originally described by Ferriman and Gallwey [FG]. Hirsutism was classified as mild [score 8 15], moderate [score16-25], and severe [score >25]
Results: the mean SD waist circumference, weight and body mass index values in hirsute subjects were significantly higher [p< 0.05] than those in controls. Significant positive correlations were observed between body weight, BMI and mild hirsutism score. However in moderate hirsutism, Ferriman Gallwey score was significantly and positively correlated with body mass index only
Conclusion: the excess terminal hair growth is more common in overweight women having less hirsutism score
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Our objective was to evaluate the impact of using an imipenem de-escalation protocol for empiric febrile neutropenia on the development of carbapenem resistance. A pre-post intervention design was used. The intervention was adopting the imipenem de-escalation approach, which began on January 1, 2012. A retrospective chart review of cases of febrile neutropenia bacteremia was performed one year before and one year after the intervention. We compared the development of carbapenem resistance between the two study periods. Seventy-five episodes of febrile neutropenia bacteremia were included in the study. They had similar demographics, clinical features and outcomes. There were 78 and 12 pathogens in the primary and follow-up blood cultures, respectively. Approximately 61% and 66% of the primary and follow-up blood cultures, respectively, were gram-negative bacteria with similar carbapenem resistance profiles in the two study periods. In our study population, 57% of the gram-negative bacteria were ESBL pathogens. The resistance of the gram-negative bacteria to piperacillin/tazobactam [72% versus 53%, p = 0.161], imipenem [16% versus 11%, p = 0.684], and meropenem [8% versus 16%, p = 0.638] did not significantly change after our policy change. In conclusion, the use of the carbapenem de-escalation approach for febrile neutropenia in our institution was not associated with an increase in carbepenem resistance. Future prospective multi-center studies are recommended to further confirm the current findings
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Objective: To determine the association of serum CTX-I levels with hormone replacement and interleukin inhibi tortherapi es
Study Design: Descriptive cross sectional study Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Hayatabad Medical Complex [HMC], Peshawar from June 2012 to August 2012
Materials and Methods: A total of 100 peri-men opausal women were included in the study to determine the association of serum of CTX-I levels with hormone replacement therapy [HRT] and interleukin inhibitors
These females were randomly selected and screened for osteoporosis. The age of study population was between 45-55 years. Informed consent was taken. Detailed history was obtained regarding occupation, income, family history, number of pregnancies and medications. Women with complaints of joint pains, history of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and any other bone disease were excluded from the study. They were radiologically assessed for osteoporosis by using Singh index as I to VI. Ethical approval for the study was taken from the Institutional Ethical Research Committee [IERC] of HMC. Blood samples were taken for estimation of hemoglobin, ESR, calcium, alkaline phosphatase and CTX-I
Results: The levels of CTX-I were elevated in peri-menopausal women who were radiographically diagnosed as osteoporotic patients. However CTX-I levels were either normal or insignificantly raised in women taking either HRT or interleukin inhibitors. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using Chi-square test on computer software SPSS-17. Results were expressed in form of tables
Association and their significance were sorted out on the software. There was a significant association of CTX-I levels with both HRT and interleukin inhibitors [p = 0.000]
Conclusion: This study revealed a significant association of serum CTX-I levels with both hormone replacement and interleukin inhibitor therapies
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Objective: To determine the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of Endobronchial Ultrasound Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration [EBUS-TBNA]
Study Design: A cross-sectional validation study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Histopathology, Army Medical College, in collaboration with Department of Pulmonology, Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from March 2014 to March 2015
Methodology: Cases of EBUS-TBNA comprised of both TBNAs and cell block/biopsy of the same patients. Diagnosis was made on the TBNA slides and cell block/biopsy material. Taking biopsy/cell block as the gold standard, the data was analysed to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy of EBUSTBNA
Results: The sensitivity of EBUS-TBNA was found to be 96.5%; whereas, specificity and positive predictive values were 100%. The negative predictive value was calculated at 50%. Diagnostic accuracy of the procedure was found to be 96.67%
Conclusion: EBUS-TBNA is a sensitive and a specific test and is accurate in diagnosing mediastinal and hilar pathologies